The Perspective of Plato and Aristotle on the Value of...

The Perspective of Plato and Aristotle on the Value of Art As literary critics, Plato and Aristotle disagree profoundly about the value of art in human society. Plato attempts to strip artists of the power and prominence they enjoy in his society, while Aristotle tries to develop a method of inquiry to determine the merits of an individual work of art. It is interesting to note that these two disparate notions of art are based upon the same fundamental assumption: that art is a form of mimesis, imitation. Both philosophers are concerned with the artists ability to have significant impact on others. It is the imitative function of art which promotes disdain in Plato and curiosity in Aristotle. Examining the reality that art†¦show more content†¦Art is removed from any notion of real truth, an inherently flawed copy of an already imperfect world. Art as an imitation is irrelevant to what is real. Aristotle approaches reality from a completely different premise. While his ideas do stand in sharp contrast to Platos, they are not simply a refutation of his former mentors views. To Aristotle, the world exists in an infinitely diverse series of parts. These various parts are open to human observation and scrutiny. Rather than an eternally regressing truth beyond the scope of human apprehension, knowledge of truth and good are rooted firmly in the observable universe; truth, or at least gestures toward it, lies in existence rather than essence. Aristotle encourages embracing the particular in order to possibly gain a sense of the universal. There is, however, no universal system of inquiry to investigate each part of the whole. Different parts require different methods of discourse. In The Poetics, Aristotle attempts to articulate a method of inquiry, not a rigid system or standard of evaluation, applicable to tragedy. Tragedy attempts to imitate the complex world of h uman actions, and yet tragedy is itself still part of a larger, more complicated world of human existence. Tragedy is aShow MoreRelatedArguments of Plato in The Republic and Aristotle in Poetics1179 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does imitation (mimesis) involve for Plato and Aristotle? Explain its different features. Mimesis, the ‘imitative representation of the real world in art and literature’ , is a form that was particularly evident within the governance of art in Ancient Greece. Although its exact interpretation does vary, it is most commonly used to describe artistic creation as a whole. The value and need for mimesis has been argued by a number of scholars including Sigmund Freud, Philip Sydney and Adam SmithRead More Aristotelian Rhetoric: Progression of Sophists Nascent Teachings2545 Words   |  11 PagesScholars and historians of rhetoric consider the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, one of the great contributors to our present understanding of this art which, since its early origins and until present, has been a controversial field of study because of its association with persuasion and influence. However, readings of the many ancient and contemporary texts and analyses of the origins and the developments of this ancient art marginalized the role of the Sophists, who were t he first to introduce rhetoricRead MoreIn The Ancient World, Little Efforts Were Made To Protect1592 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat inequalities between status of women and men in the society. Feminism is an issue that has been dealt with seriously by a number of influential philosophers, who have posit different views on social roles of women in the society. Plato Theory and Feminism Plato is arguably one of the great philosophers who can plausibly be regarded as feminists though his arguments have not been analyzed to a greater extent. Without reservation, it can be safely argued that ancient Greek did not recognize women’sRead MoreThe Fall Of Death, Destruction And War879 Words   |  4 Pagesrebirth that swept across Europe during the 14th to 17th century . This era marked the time in which man returned to their classical learning and values of ancient rome and greece and began to change their attitude towards religion (history.com staff). While the renaissance is in the past it continues to live on throughout many different fields of art, theories and movements, however, paintings tend to be most symbolic of what the renaissance era was. The Renaissance era was faced with the hundredRead MoreThe Renaissance Era915 Words   |  4 Pagesrebirth that swept across Europe during the 14th to the 17th century . This era marked the time in which man returned to their classical learning and values of ancient Rome and Greece and began to change their attitude towards religion (Renaissance Art). While the Renaissance is in the past it continues to live on throughout many different fields of art, theories and movements. However, paintings such as â€Å"the Mona Lisa†, â€Å"The School of Athens†, and â€Å"The Arnolfini Portrait† which were created by theRead MoreHow can Art be Defined1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe search for a definition of Art has been subject of a complex philosophical reflection incorporated; however, within different thematics because the very idea of Art is changeable as it relies on the culture and the tradition of a particular epoch. Etymologically, the word Aesthetics derives from the Greek à  isthesis, which means perception by the senses. It used to refer as the study of the world of perceptions as the doctrine aimed to discover the complexity of perceptive knowledge. In ancientRead MoreAristotelian Rhetoric: An Evolution of Sophist’s Discredited Methodology1866 Words   |  8 Pages Scholars of rhetoric consider the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, one of the great contributors to our present understanding of this art which, since its early origins and until present, has been a controversial field of study because of its association with persuasion and influence. However, an examination of ancient rhetoric and its development by the Sophists and then a study on Aristotle’s theory on rhetoric and how he concluded his findings direct our attention to whether this Greek philosopherRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle1952 Words   |  8 PagesPlato vs. Aristotle Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphaels School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidentalRead MorePlato Vs Aristotle On Politics And Philosophy1899 Words   |  8 PagesPlato versus Aristotle Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphael s School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidental thatRead More The Platonist Tradition and the Ordering of Knowledge Essay examples3662 Words   |  15 Pagesdiscipline unless it has a utilitarian value — may be challenged from the perspective of the Platonist tradition. The ascent through philosophy to the vision of Beauty in itself in Platos Symposium affirms the perception of beauty or nobility as the ultimate end and value of all know ledge. Marsilio Ficinos adaption of Plato in the Renaissance articulates a more metaphysical ascent which broadens the objects of knowledge in order to include the cosmos and the arts as well as philosophy. Together, these

Globalization and Decline of State - 1866 Words

Introduction. A considerable issue in the discipline of International Relations is the role of state. It is generally acknowledged that the constant transformation of society and economy has been oc-curring throughout the history. These changes could not pass side the condition of state in the world politics. According to Creveld (1999), since the middle of the seventeenth century, the institution of state has been the most dominant actor in international relations. However, over the past few decades it may seem that the state has lost its status. The outbreak of the intense global-ization has forced scholars to question the relevance of the state in the modern era. This essay will focus on the analysis of the nature of the†¦show more content†¦He argues that ‘globalization’ can be understood as a rhetoric and strategy actively conducted by capital to control and subjugate labour in order to increase income. Although the notion does not have a straightforward de finition, it is undoubta-ble that globalization vastly influences the world. It affects political, economic, social, cultural and even environmental aspects of our life (Woodward, 2010). In addition, it is assumed that globalization is the major factor that caused state to start declining. The decline of the state: political and economic aspects. As it was said, the concept of globalization is not monosemantic. In fact, various new political theories emerged to apply their approach to globalization and the issue of the state de-cline. According to Paul and Ripsman (2010), the democratic peace theory highlights the recent widespread idea of democracy, its norms and institutions that reduce the willingness of states to produce armed conflicts. Moreover, with the emergence of several treaties and agreements — particularly advocating human rights — the ability of state to reach their objectives by the use of force was even restricted (for example, United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights). The global culture approach considers international relations to be stabilized by to a cultural convergence generated by the displacement of cultures and national identities, and theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and the Decline of the Welfare State11 72 Words   |  5 Pages The idea that globalization and the welfare states can conflict comes from the fact that: while globalization is based on profit maximization, the welfare states main goal is to reduce, if not eliminate inequality, insecurity and poverty through proper redistribution of wealth mechanisms. The welfare state has to enhance â€Å"people’s adaptability, so that they, whatever their skills, can turn themselves from losers into winners through their own efforts† (Dennis J. Snower. Et al.137). The pointRead MoreLabor Unions Must Fight Globalization or Become Extinct Essay1594 Words   |  7 Pagesdrastic changes in the political arena which resulted in â€Å"economic stagnation.† Some of the other factors that helped in contributing to economic stagnation was â€Å"the cyclical end of the long post war boom . . . competition from other Capitalist states like West Germany and Japan, [as well as the] domestic class struggle that put pre ssure on corporate profits.† (Fletcher Gapasin, 2008, p.41) With all these changes happening â€Å"Big† labor soon realized they were on their own to defend themselvesRead MoreGlobalization and International Finance, Questions and Answer1533 Words   |  7 Pages Q1. History of your topic (i.e. product, country(ies), article, etc)? Please explain in detail your topic selection. Globalization is defined as moving towards a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining; distance is shrinking due to new advance in transportation and telecommunications technology, material culture is starting to look similar the world over; national economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated global economic system (Hill). The wordRead MoreThe Banana Farmers Of The Windward Islands1318 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization has been occurring for thousands of years through the integration of cultures, people, government and nations. This driving force effects many societies around the world in many ways ranging from environmental issues, economic development, culture, people’s physical well-being, and political systems. However some of these driving forces can lead to the downfall of a single social group while benefiting others. In the case of the banana farmers of the Windward Islands, they are introducedRead MorePoverty Betwe en Poverty And Poverty1322 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty has been a prevalent issue that has plagued the world’s economy for years, fortunately, global poverty rates seem to be declining . In order to understand why this decline is occurring, one must first understand levels of poverty. In an article published by The Economist they claims that there are different levels of poverty, they use extreme poverty (absolute poverty), and relative poverty as the two definitions . Extreme poverty refers to the world banks â€Å"poverty line†. In 2011 the â€Å"WorldRead More The Disadvantages of Globalization1567 Words   |  7 Pages Globalization is a term that is difficult to define, as it covers many broad topics in the global arena. However, it can typically be attributed to the advancement of economic, social, and cultural interactions among the companies, citizens, organizations, and governments of nations; globalization also focuses on the interactions and integration of countries (The Levin Institute 2012). Many in the Western world promote globalization as a positive concept that allows growth and participation in aRead MoreEffects Of New Global Era On The World1283 Words   |  6 Pagesconnected more than ever. This transformation began with the Industrial Revolution in a period from around 1760 to 1840. Thinking back to that time, we can easily think of noticeable differences between how the world was and how it is today. The United States was a small, developing country, still trying to overcome the effects of a costly revolution. Across the ocean, our once major rival, Great Britain, was still the greatest power in the world. And around the world, China and Japan were nowhere nearRead MoreThe Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness I. Introduction Economic openness is the phenomenon in which individual economies from all over the world become increasingly connected and interdependent through greater liberalization of trade and the vast movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. With the rise of globalization, positive effects have resulted from economic openness. The widespread benefits of globalization have resulted in global economic growthRead MoreWhy The Economic Liberalization Is Regarded As A Second Step Towards Facilitating Globalization1478 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is the process of integrating various economies of world without creating any hindrances in the flow of goods and services, technology, capital, and even labor or human capital. The term globalization means to permit the free flow of goods and services in the world. To create an environment in which free flow of capital can take place among nation states, an environment permitting free flow of technology and from the point of view o f developing countries, creation of environment inRead MoreThe United States And The Industrial Revolution1443 Words   |  6 PagesRevolution in a period from around 1760 to 1840. Thinking back to that time, we can easily think of noticeable differences between how the world was and how it is today. The United States was a small, developing country, still trying to overcome the effects of a costly revolution. Across the ocean, once the United States’ major rival, Great Britain, was still the greatest power in the world. And around the world, China and Japan were nowhere near the economic leaders they are today. However, the biggest

Protrayal of Australian Landscape and Character Free Essays

How has the Australian Landscape been used to portray and show the development of Australian Character? Refer to 2 Texts. As a person that calls Australia home, I have seen and heard many criticisms and descriptions of this land that were observed from foreigners. Although there are aspects that create the image of Australia such as the people and the natural fauna, the main and central idea that represents our home are her deadly and awe-inspiring environments and landscape. We will write a custom essay sample on Protrayal of Australian Landscape and Character or any similar topic only for you Order Now Australia’s character is built upon first impressions. As most people rely on their sight, their first impressions are from visual perspectives. The environment of which they arrive in or have experienced from media depend largely on what they see, thus making the Australian landscape of vital importance in creating the â€Å"Australian Character. † Due to the fact that we rely on sight, this also includes our limitless imagination; and the key to imaginations are words. Description, tone and the feelings portrayed through words are the cause of imaginations and perceptions and because the iconic images of Australia are the landscapes we tend to include them in our portrayals. Written languages have been around for centuries, it is a way of communication and as informed so are images. The comparison for the development of Australia flows easily with words and is therefore usually portrayed in texts, other forms of literature and in songs. It goes into more depth. It is a detailed way to represent the character of Australia. There are many text examples, of which use the Australian landscape to portray the development of Australia such as poems like â€Å"My Country† and â€Å"The Fierce Country† and lyrics in the Advance Australian Fair. The poem â€Å"My Country† by Dorothea Mackellar is a famous Australian poem, well-known for the descriptions based upon Australia’s landscape. The poem contains many words related to landform such as â€Å"sweeping plains†, â€Å"ragged mountain ranges† and â€Å"wilful lavish land,† all in which have an adjective to accompany it. This creates allows us to imagine these depictions in the same perspective as the authors, which gives us a clear view to what she is talking about. The way Dorothea used symbolic words to describe Australia’s landscapes, helps us to grasp the concept of Australia’s character. A sample of this would include the contrasting effects in the verse: â€Å"I love a sunburnt country, A land of sweeping plains, Of ragged mountain ranges, Of droughts and flooding rains. I love her far horizons, I love her jewel-sea, Her beauty and her terror – The wide brown land for me! † Here the words symbolise and infer many characteristics that may bring out feelings. There are many ways to interpret Australia’s character through this. For example, the â€Å"sunburnt† gives me the idea of being durable and tough as well as the colour of red, the â€Å"land of sweeping plains† keeps me thinking of being broad/wide and productive as plains contain fertile soil and the â€Å"ragged mountains† produces the personality of being persistent and being able to stand her ground through many years. Additionally, â€Å"her far horizons† perceives calmness, the â€Å"jewel sea† shows that Australia is rich, valuable and holds substance still to be discovered and the contrast in the line â€Å"her beauty and her terror† indicates that she is diverse. By reading through this verse of the landscape, it overall gives Australia the characteristics of being strong, durable, dynamic, tenacious, relaxed and unique and therefore portraying Australia’s characteristics. Another poem is Douglas Stewart’s, â€Å"Fierce Country. † In this case, the uses of landscapes are used constantly through the poem, in a way forcing us to think about only landscapes throughout the whole thing. He uses many personifications such as â€Å"the sun glares down on the stones and the stones glare back†, â€Å"red stones leap with fire† and â€Å"where the mirage still watches with glittering eyes. This enables us to think of this country as a living organism, which gives us an easier way to create Australia’s character and personality. The use of landscapes mixed along with personification also assists our interpretation as we are human and have experienced or seen these personified actions before, hence strengthening the concept through the whole poem and is a way in which the Australian landscape has been used. How to cite Protrayal of Australian Landscape and Character, Essay examples

Porter’s 5 Forces Within the FB Industry (Bakery Business) free essay sample

Threat of entry: The FB industry has low barriers to entry. Opening a hawker business requires relatively low start-up capital. The cooking skills involved to sell edible and hygienic food are not too difficult to acquire. As a result, there are thousands of restaurants to choose from. In addition that, hawker do not stay in business for very long due to bad menus, dining experience, food quality and service. Furthermore, as addressed by Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, rents would need to be realistic and not only profit focused or orientated to encourage new hawker entrepreneurs to set-up and existing ones to survive with current high inflation, cost of living and business operational costs. This will increase the threat of entry as the barrier to enter is getting lower. Threat of substitutes: In the hawker food business, there are not any substantial substitutes to food because people have to eat food every day. We will write a custom essay sample on Porter’s 5 Forces Within the FB Industry (Bakery Business) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Food is a basic need and nothing can substitute that. Since there are no major substitutes the threat is relatively low. However, hawker food is similar to home-cooked food. With the current inflation, individuals may just substitute to home-cooked food where they can have their food according to their own taste and preferences. Power of buyers: Power of buyers is relatively high for a hawker. The hawker must constantly be staying in tune to customer preferences or the customers will easily eat at another stall. The FB industry is highly competitive and in addition there are low switching costs for consumers and consumers have access to quality and nutrition information. Many hawkers have seen this and are now posting nutrition information because customers are more likely to visit a stall that posts the information. Also, in Singapore there have been passed that requires hawkers to post inspection results in a visible spot. This now makes hawkers pay closer attention to the stall quality because they may lose business if they do not receive a good inspection. Power of suppliers: Hawkers’ suppliers have a relatively low bargaining power because they implement a lot of controls to keep their bargaining power low. Hawker’s controls the quality of their main product by making the spices, noodles, etc, themselves daily. Hawkers’ have numerous suppliers for each ingredient so that it can obtain ingredients from other suppliers when necessary. This lowers the risk of a supplier driving up the price for hawkers because if one does, the hawkers could simply switch to another supplier. Hawkers could take many initiatives to continue to survive and thrive in the coming years. Hawkers could increase their focus on catering to expand their stall brand. The hawkers could also continue to focus on a healthy menu to meet customer demands. Hawkers could increase the awareness of the use of all natural ingredients to attract new customers. Also, hawkers could increase their dinner offerings to increase their sales and customers at off peak hours instead of just focusing on the lunch-time hour.